All About Mpox (Monkeypox): Symptoms, Transmission, Treatment, and Prevention

Introduction

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that has garnered global attention due to its potential for widespread transmission and impact on public health. This zoonotic infection is caused by monkeypox virus, a member of Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus that is responsible for smallpox.

The disease has been endemic in Central and West Africa for many years, but there has been a notable increase in cases reported outside these regions, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Understanding mpox (monkeypox) is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as for mitigating its spread in communities worldwide.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of mpox, including its symptoms, transmission methods, management strategies, and preventive measures.

What is Monkeypox?

Mpox (monkeypox) is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. It is called “monkeypox” because it was first discovered in laboratory monkeys in 1958. Although it was first identified in laboratory monkeys in 1958, the primary reservoirs of the virus are believed to be certain rodent species and non-human primates.

How Common is Monkeypox?

Mpox cases have been reported in several countries, with the majority of cases occurring in Central and West Africa. Prior to 2022, mpox cases were rarely reported outside of these regions. However, since May 2022, multiple cases have been reported in non-endemic countries, leading to a global outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to the rapidly evolving situation and the need for a coordinated international response.

Who Does Monkeypox Affect?

Mpox can affect people of all ages, regardless of gender or race. However, certain groups may be at higher risk of exposure or complications:

• People with weakened immune systems: Individuals with HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplants, or those taking immunosuppressive medications are at higher risk of severe illness.
• Children: Children, especially those under 8 years of age, may be more susceptible to severe disease.
• Pregnant women: Mpox during pregnancy can lead to complications for both the mother and the fetus.

Symptoms

What are the Symptoms of Monkeypox?

The symptoms of Monkeypox are similar to, but milder than, those of smallpox. The most common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Backache
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chills
• Exhaustion
• Rash: A characteristic feature of mpox is the development of a rash that progresses through several stages before scabbing and falling off. The rash can be painful and may appear on face, arms, legs, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It can also affect the genitals, groin, and eyes.

The incubation period for Monkeypox (the time from infection to the onset of symptoms) is usually 6 – 13 days but can range from 5 – 21 days.

How Do You Catch Monkeypox?

Mpox (Monkeypox) can be transmitted through close physical contact with an infected individual or animal, or through contact with contaminated materials. The virus can enter the body through the respiratory tract, broken skin, or mucous membranes (nose, eyes, or mouth). Transmission can occur through:

• Direct contact with infectious sores, scabs, or body fluids
• Respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact
• Touching items (like clothing or bedding) which previously touched the infectious sores or body fluids
• Pregnant women can transmit this virus to their fetus through the placenta

It is important to note that mpox is not as contagious as diseases like measles or chickenpox, and it requires close, personal contact to spread.

Diagnosis

How is Mpox Diagnosed?

Mpox is diagnosed through laboratory tests, typically using samples from the patient’s skin lesions or other clinical specimens. The most common diagnostic tests include:

• PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing: This test detects the presence of the monkeypox virus DNA in the sample.
• Electron microscopy: This technique can identify orthopoxviruses, including the monkeypox virus, based on their unique morphological characteristics.
• Virus isolation: Virus isolation in cell culture can be used to confirm the presence of the monkeypox virus, but it is not routinely performed.

Healthcare providers may also perform a physical examination and obtain a detailed medical history to assess the patient’s symptoms and potential exposures.

Management and Treatment

 Is Monkeypox Curable?

Most cases of Monkeypox are mild and resolve on their own within 2 to 4 weeks. However, in some cases, complications can occur, and hospitalization may be necessary. Severe cases are more common in children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals.

 How is Monkeypox Treated?

There is no specific treatment for Monkeypox, but supportive care is essential. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. In severe cases, antiviral medications like tecovirimat (TPOXX) may be used, although their effectiveness is still being evaluated.

Prevention

How Do You Prevent Monkeypox?

Prevention of Monkeypox involves several strategies:

• Vaccination: Two vaccines are currently available for the prevention of mpox: JYNNEOS (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex) and ACAM2000. These vaccines are recommended for people at high risk of exposure, such as healthcare workers and close contacts of infected individuals.
• Avoiding contact with infected animals: Refrain from handling or eating wild game, especially in areas where mpox is endemic.
• Practicing good hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials.
• Avoiding close, skin-to-skin contact with infected individuals: Maintain a safe distance from those with mpox symptoms and avoid sharing bedding, towels, or clothing with them.

How Long Does Monkeypox Last?

The duration of mpox illness can vary, but most cases resolve within 2 to 4 weeks. The rash typically goes through several stages before scabbing and falling off. In severe cases, complications may prolong the illness or lead to long-term effects.

 Is Monkeypox Fatal?

The mortality rate for mpox is generally low, ranging from 0% to 11% in previous outbreaks. However, the fatality rate can vary depending on factors such as the patient’s age, overall health, and the strain of the virus. Severe cases are more likely to occur in children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals.

How Do I Take Care of Myself if I Am Diagnosed with Mpox?

If you are diagnosed with Monkeypox, it is essential to follow these guidelines:

• Isolate yourself from others: Avoid close contact with others until your rash has fully healed, and all scabs have fallen off.
• Cover your rash: Keep your rash covered with clothing or bandages when around others.
• Avoid sharing personal items: Do not share bedding, towels, clothing, or other items with others.
• Wash your hands frequently: Use soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after contact with the rash or contaminated materials.
• Monitor your symptoms: Seek medical care if you experience severe symptoms or if your rash worsens.

When Should I Go for Emergency Care?

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• Severe pain or swelling in the eyes or mouth
• Difficulty breathing
• Inability to urinate
• Signs of dehydration, such as excessive thirst or dizziness
• High fever (above 101°F or 38.3°C)
• Severe headache or back pain
• Confusion or altered mental state

Conclusion

Mpox (monkeypox) is an emerging disease that requires vigilance and a coordinated public health response. By understanding the symptoms, transmission routes, and prevention strategies, we can work together to limit the spread of this virus and protect vulnerable populations. If you suspect you may have been exposed to mpox or are experiencing symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly and follow the guidance of healthcare professionals.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is the difference between Monkeypox and smallpox?

Mpox and smallpox are both caused by viruses belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, but they are distinct diseases. Mpox is generally milder than smallpox, with a lower mortality rate.

Can Monkeypox be transmitted through sexual contact?

Yes, mpox can be transmitted through close physical contact, including sexual contact. However, mpox (monkeypox) is not considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and can be transmitted through any form of close, skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual.

Are there any treatments available for Monkeypox?

While there is no specific treatment for mpox, supportive care and management of symptoms are essential. In severe cases, antiviral medications like tecovirimat (TPOXX) may be used, although their effectiveness is still being evaluated.

Can pets get Monkeypox?

There have been reports of pets, such as dogs and cats, contracting mpox from their infected owners. It is recommended to avoid close contact with pets if you have mpox and to consult with a veterinarian if your pet shows signs of the disease.

How long does the Monkeypox vaccine provide protection?

The duration of protection provided by the Monkeypox vaccine is not yet fully known. Studies suggest that the vaccine may provide protection for at least 2 years, but ongoing research is needed to determine the long-term efficacy.