Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): What you need to know

Verified by Dr. Deepakkumar Gupta, Consultant Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Apollo Hospitals, Navi Mumbai.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as acid reflux, is a digestive disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including heartburn, chest pain, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing which can affect routine activities.

What are the causes of GERD?

The most common cause of GERD is a weakened or malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The LES is a ring of muscle that acts as a valve between the esophagus and stomach. When the LES is weak or doesn’t close properly, stomach acid can flow back up into the esophagus. Other factors that can contribute to GERD include:

• Hiatal hernia: A hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest and abdomen. This can weaken the LES and make it more likely for stomach acid to reflux.
• Obesity: Excess weight can put pressure on the stomach and LES, making it more difficult for the LES to close properly.
• Pregnancy: During pregnancy, hormonal changes can relax the LES and make it more likely for stomach acid to reflux.
• Certain foods and beverages: Certain foods and beverages, such as caffeine, alcohol, fatty foods, and spicy foods can relax the LES and trigger reflux symptoms.
• Medications: Some medications, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and certain antidepressants, can irritate the lining of the esophagus and make it more susceptible to damage from stomach acid.

What are the symptoms of GERD?

The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest that can radiate up to the neck and throat. Other symptoms of GERD may include:

• Regurgitation: A sour or bitter taste in the mouth caused by stomach acid backing up into the esophagus
• Chest pain
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dry cough
• Hoarseness of voice
• Wheezing

How is GERD diagnosed?

GERD can be diagnosed based on a patient’s medical history and symptoms. In some cases, additional tests, such as an upper endoscopy or esophageal pH monitoring, may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the condition.

How is GERD treated?

Treatment for GERD typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. Lifestyle changes that can help to improve GERD symptoms include:

• Losing weight
• Quitting smoking
• Avoiding caffeine and alcohol
• Avoiding trigger foods
• Eating smaller, more frequent meals
• Elevating the head of the bed by 6 to 8 inches
• If lifestyle changes are not enough to control symptoms, medications may be prescribed. Medications used to treat GERD include:

In some cases, surgery may be recommended for patients with severe GERD that do not respond to other treatments. Endoscopic management of GERD can also be done.

Can GERD be prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent GERD, but there are things you can do to reduce your risk, such as:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Quitting smoking
• Avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bed
• Eating smaller, more frequent meals
• Avoiding trigger foods
• Elevating the head of your bed by 6 to 8 inches

GERD is a common digestive disorder that can cause a variety of uncomfortable symptoms. However, with proper treatment, most people with GERD can manage their condition and live full and active lives. If you are experiencing symptoms of GERD, talk to your doctor to develop a treatment plan that is right for you.

Connect with our expert,Dr. Deepakkumar Gupta, Consultant Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Apollo Hospitals, Navi Mumbai for any gastrointestinal issues. Call 022 6280 6280 for an appointment.