What are Rare Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) and How Are They Treated?

Verified by Dr Jyoti Bajpai– Lead Medical & Precision Oncology, Mumbai &  Maharashtra Region at Apollo Hospitals Navi Mumbai

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are a rare type of cancer that form in the digestive tract. While they can appear anywhere in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, they are most commonly found in the stomach or small intestine. Here’s an overview of these rare tumors:

What Are GISTs?

GISTs develop from the interstitial cells of Cajal, which regulate the movement of food through the digestive system. Rare among cancers, GISTs make up less than 1% of all GI tumors.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Genetic Mutations: Often caused by mutations in the KIT or PDGFRA genes, which lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
• Age: Most commonly diagnosed in individuals over 50 years old.
• Genetic Syndromes: Certain genetic syndromes can increase the risk of developing GISTs.

Symptoms of GISTs

• Abdominal Pain or Discomfort
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Bleeding in the GI Tract (leading to black or bloody stools).
• Fatigue and Anemia due to blood loss
• Unexplained Weight Loss

Diagnosis

• Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI, or PET scans to identify and assess tumors.
• Endoscopy and Biopsy: Tissue samples are examined to confirm the diagnosis.
• Genetic Testing: To identify mutations, which can guide targeted therapies.

Treatment Options

• Surgery: Often the first-line treatment, aiming to remove the tumor entirely.
• Targeted Therapy: Drugs like imatinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) specifically target cancer cells with KIT or PDGFRA mutations, slowing or stopping their growth.
• Radiation and Chemotherapy: Typically, less effective but used in certain cases.

Prognosis and Management

• Early Detection improves outcomes significantly.
• Regular Monitoring is crucial to prevent recurrence and manage metastasis.

While rare, GISTs can be effectively managed with a combination of surgery and targeted therapies, providing hope and improved survival for patients.

Connect with our expert, Dr Jyoti Bajpai– Lead Medical & Precision Oncology, Mumbai &  Maharashtra Region at Apollo Hospitals Navi Mumbai

Call 022 6280 6280 for an appointment