PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) and PCOS : Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Diet and Treatment

 PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is a medical condition in women, where the ovaries produce multiple immature eggs which, over time, become cysts on the ovaries.

What is Polycystic Ovary Disorder (PCOD)?

Ovaries are the reproductive organs of a female which control the menstrual cycle and the production of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin etc. The accumulation of the eggs swells the ovary and makes it release large quantities of male hormone thus causing infertility. 

PCOD is a hormonal condition that affects approximately 5- 10% of women in their childbearing ages (12 to 45-years). While the prevalence of PCOD differs, it affects around 9% to 22% of Indian women. The numbers are about 2% to 7% in China and Sri Lanka.

In this condition, the hormones of a woman go out of balance which creates various symptoms, including the absence of ovulation, irregular menstrual cycle, difficulty conceiving, weight gain, acne, and hirsutism. PCOD, also known as PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), if left untreated, can lead to further health complications, like diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, and high cholesterol.

Common Symptoms of PCOD/PCOS

PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) often starts showing symptoms around the time of the first menstrual cycle during puberty, but it can also develop later, especially with weight gain over the years.

Common signs of PCOD include:

• Increased androgen levels: High levels of male hormones can lead to excess facial and body hair, as well as male-pattern baldness.
• Irregular periods: You may experience irregular or delayed periods due to problems with egg maturation.
• Difficulty getting pregnant: Hormonal imbalances can prevent eggs from maturing and being released, which can affect ovulation and make it harder to conceive. Many women are diagnosed with PCOD when they seek help for difficulty getting pregnant.
• Hair loss or thinning: Excess male hormones can cause hair to thin or fall out.
• Acne: Hormonal imbalances may lead to acne on the skin.
• Weight gain: Many women with PCOD experience weight gain or have difficulty losing weight.

What causes Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)?

Family History
PCOD can run in families, with a 50% chance of women developing the condition if their immediate female relatives have it. Over time, PCOD may also increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. While no single gene has been identified as the cause, PCOD is believed to result from a combination of multiple genetic factors.

• Insulin Resistance & Lifestyle
  Around 70% of women with PCOD experience insulin resistance, where the body’s cells can’t use insulin properly. This forces the pancreas to produce more insulin. Lifestyle factors, such as being overweight or inactive, can worsen this condition.
• Factors Contributing to Insulin Resistance:
  • Genetic factors
  • Being overweight, often due to poor diet or lack of exercise
  • A combination of both
• Inflammation
  Women with PCOD often experience increased inflammation, which can also be worsened by being overweight. Studies suggest that higher inflammation levels are linked to higher androgen (male hormone) levels in PCOD patients.
• Weight
  Excess weight can worsen insulin resistance and make PCOD symptoms more noticeable. Some women may never experience symptoms like irregular periods or excess hair growth until they gain weight.

How PCOD is Diagnosed?

There is no single test to definitively diagnose PCOD (Polycystic Ovary Disease). However, your doctor will assess your medical history and conduct a physical exam. Based on these, they may recommend the following tests:

1. Pelvic Examination – To check for any physical signs of PCOD.
2. Blood Tests – To measure hormone levels, which may be irregular in PCOD.
3. Ultrasound – To examine the ovaries and uterus for typical signs of PCOD, such as cysts or thickened ovarian walls.

If diagnosed with PCOD, your doctor will likely suggest regular follow-up visits to monitor your condition.

What are some problems associated with PCOD?

Some complications can arise from PCOD. These include various diseases and medical conditions, such as

• Various metabolic syndromes, including high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, increased cholesterol and blood glucose levels.
• Miscarriages
• Infertility
• Gestational diabetes
• Sleep apnea
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Depression and other mental disorders
• Endometrial cancer
• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Untreatable acne, displaying hormonal problems
• Chronic Liver inflammation

Studies also report that by the age of forty, approximately fifty per cent of women with PCOD would develop pre-diabetes or would already be diabetic, while many others would face infertility during their childbearing age.

Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Disease?

Treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)

While there is no cure for PCOD, it can be effectively managed with the right treatment and lifestyle changes. A team of healthcare professionals, including a gynecologist, endocrinologist, dietitian, infertility expert, and dermatologist, may work together to manage the condition.

One key aspect of managing PCOD is maintaining a healthy weight. Even a 5% weight loss can make treatment more effective. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and reducing sugar and carbohydrates while increasing fiber and protein intake are crucial.

Medications and Surgery for PCOD

After a consultation, your doctor may recommend various treatments to manage your menstrual cycle and other symptoms:

1. Birth Control Pills: These pills, which contain progestin and estrogen, help regulate hormones and reduce symptoms like acne and excess hair growth.
2. Progestin Therapy: Taking progestin for 10-14 days each month can help regulate your menstrual cycle.
3. Follicle Treatment: In some cases, your doctor may suggest immature follicle aspiration to improve hormone levels and reduce the number of cysts in the ovaries, aiding fertility.
4. Ovulation-Stimulating Medications: Drugs like clomiphene, letrozole, metformin, and gonadotrophins can help improve ovulation.
5. Hair Growth Reduction: To address excess hair growth, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills, spironolactone, or eflornithine.

Surgery for PCOD

Surgery is typically considered only in severe cases. One option is laparoscopic ovarian drilling, which can help trigger ovulation by promoting the release of eggs from the ovaries.

Diet to Treat PCOD

While many lifestyle recommendations are suggested for those women suffering from PCOD, you are encouraged to follow a PCOD diet with low fat and carbohydrate content. This would prevent any sudden upsurge in your blood sugar levels and help you keep a check on your weight. Foods that may be included are

• Natural, unprocessed food
• Spinach, kale and other leafy vegetables
• Foods high in fiber
• Broccoli and cauliflower
• Nuts and legumes
• Fish
• Whole grain
• Low-fat dairy

What exercises are best for PCOD?

If you are suffering from PCOD, then your first task is to reduce your Body Mass Index (BMI). Various types of exercises that you could consider are

• High-Intensity interval training (HIIT)
• Cardiovascular workouts
• Mind-body exercises
• Strength training
• Interval training

What is the Difference Between PCOD and PCOS?

PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) and PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) are both conditions that affect the ovaries but differ in terms of severity, symptoms, and long-term health risks. Let’s explore the key differences between PCOD and PCOS:

PCOD vs PCOS: Key Differences

Conclusion

There is no clear cause for PCOD. However, early detection or diagnosis of PCOD will be constructive in relieving the symptoms as well as to reduce the complications involved.

PCOD treatment helps you to manage your concerns, including infertility, hirsutism, acne, immature follicles, or obesity. However, specific treatment migBook An Appointmentht involve lifestyle changes or medication.

For more information about PCOD, visit or book an appointment with the Best Gynaecologist in India. You can know more about PCOD, its causes, symptoms and treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is PCOD treatable?

Although there is no permanent cure for PCOD (Polycystic Ovary Disease), it is highly manageable. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, maintaining a balanced diet, and regular exercise, women can manage the symptoms of PCOD. Losing weight, controlling insulin levels, and restoring regular ovulation are key in managing this condition. Seek medical advice for treatments to help regulate periods, improve fertility, and reduce symptoms like acne and excessive hair growth.

2. How does PCOD occur?

PCOD occurs when a woman’s ovaries produce an excess of androgens (male hormones), leading to irregular ovulation and the development of cysts on the ovaries. While the exact cause is not fully understood, genetics and insulin resistance are believed to play significant roles in the development of PCOD. Women with PCOD may experience symptoms like irregular periods, difficulty conceiving, acne, and weight gain.

3. How can you control PCOD?

To manage PCOD symptoms, it is crucial to maintain a healthy weight, engage in regular physical activity, and follow a balanced, low-carb diet. This helps regulate insulin levels, manage blood sugar, and restore ovulation. Medical treatments like birth control pills and fertility medications can be prescribed to manage symptoms like irregular periods and infertility. Consult a healthcare provider for personalized treatment options.

4. Is PCOD the same as PCOS?

While PCOD and PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) are often used interchangeably, they are slightly different. PCOD refers to the presence of cysts on the ovaries and irregular ovulation, but it is a less severe form of the condition. PCOS, on the other hand, involves a broader set of symptoms, including hormonal imbalances, infertility, and metabolic issues. However, both conditions involve cysts on the ovaries and share similar symptoms.

5. What is bilateral PCOD?

Bilateral PCOD refers to the condition where polycystic ovaries are present in both ovaries, not just one. This is commonly seen in women with PCOD. Bilateral PCOD can cause symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, difficulty in conceiving, and hormonal imbalances. It is important to manage the condition with lifestyle changes, medications, and, in some cases, fertility treatments.

6. Can PCOD be cured naturally?

While there is no permanent cure for PCOD, natural remedies can help manage symptoms. A healthy lifestyle is key to controlling the condition. Regular exercise, a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and weight management can significantly reduce symptoms. Supplements like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, magnesium, and inositol have also shown potential in improving PCOD symptoms.

7. How to manage PCOD at home?

To manage PCOD at home, focus on making lifestyle changes that promote overall health. Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces insulin resistance. Eating a nutrient-dense diet with low-glycemic foods helps control blood sugar and hormonal imbalances. Try incorporating anti-inflammatory foods like leafy greens, tomatoes, and fatty fish. Reducing stress through yoga or meditation can also help improve hormonal balance.

8. What foods should be avoided with PCOD?

When managing PCOD, it’s essential to avoid foods that can cause blood sugar spikes and worsen insulin resistance. Limit high-carb foods like white bread, sugary snacks, and processed foods. Instead, focus on eating whole grains, fresh fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. Reducing processed sugars and fats can help regulate hormones and improve overall health.

9. Can PCOD cause infertility?

Yes, PCOD can cause infertility in women. Irregular ovulation is a common symptom of PCOD, making it more challenging to conceive. However, with appropriate medical treatment, such as fertility medications or lifestyle changes, many women with PCOD can conceive successfully. Consult with a fertility specialist for tailored advice on managing infertility due to PCOD.

10. What is the best treatment for PCOD?

The best treatment for PCOD depends on the individual and her symptoms. Common treatments include hormonal medications like birth control pills to regulate periods, insulin-sensitizing drugs like metformin to manage insulin resistance, and medications to help with fertility if pregnancy is desired. Lifestyle changes, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, are also vital in managing PCOD. Always consult with a healthcare provider to find the right treatment for your specific needs.

11. Can PCOD lead to other health problems?

If left unmanaged, PCOD can lead to long-term health complications, including diabetes, high blood pressure, endometrial cancer, and heart disease. Women with PCOD may also experience metabolic syndrome, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. Regular monitoring and early intervention can help reduce the risk of these complications.

12. How to lose weight with PCOD?

Losing weight with PCOD can be challenging due to hormonal imbalances, but it is possible with a dedicated approach. Focus on low-carb, high-fiber diets that help regulate blood sugar levels. Combine this with regular exercise, including both cardio and strength training, to boost metabolism. Even a modest weight loss of 5-10% of body weight can significantly improve PCOD symptoms and hormonal balance.

References:

https://www.askapollo.com/physical-appointment/gynecologist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEYyr_Y18vg
https://www.apollohospitals.com/patient-care/health-and-lifestyle/understanding-investigations/ct-scan/