1066

Flexible Sigmoidoscopy - Purpose, Procedure, Results Interpretation, Normal Values and more

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a valuable medical procedure used to examine the inside of the sigmoid colon, which is the lower part of the large intestine. This procedure is commonly used to detect abnormalities such as colorectal cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and other gastrointestinal conditions. Compared to a full colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy examines only the lower portion of the colon, which can make it a less invasive and quicker alternative for certain diagnostic purposes.

What is Flexible Sigmoidoscopy?

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that allows doctors to examine the inner lining of the sigmoid colon and the rectum. The sigmoid colon is the last portion of the large intestine, just before the rectum, and is a common site for abnormalities such as polyps, cancer, and inflammation.

The procedure uses a flexible, long, tube-like instrument known as a sigmoidoscope. The sigmoidoscope is equipped with a camera and light at its tip, allowing the doctor to view the inside of the colon on a monitor in real time. Unlike a full colonoscopy, which examines the entire colon, a flexible sigmoidoscopy only evaluates the sigmoid colon and the lower part of the descending colon, typically up to about 60 centimeters in length.

Why is Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Performed?

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is typically performed to:

  • Detect Colorectal Cancer: It is often used as a screening tool for colorectal cancer, especially in individuals over the age of 50 or those at increased risk due to family history or other factors.
  • Evaluate Symptoms: It helps diagnose the cause of symptoms such as unexplained diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, or changes in bowel habits.
  • Identify Polyps: Polyps are abnormal growths in the colon that could develop into cancer over time. Sigmoidoscopy is an effective way to detect and remove these polyps early.
  • Diagnose Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD): It helps diagnose conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Monitor Treatment for Existing Conditions: For patients with known conditions like IBD or colorectal cancer, flexible sigmoidoscopy can be used to monitor treatment progress and detect any recurrence of abnormal findings.

How is Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Performed?

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is typically done in an outpatient setting and may require only local anesthesia or mild sedation. Here’s how the procedure is generally performed:

  1. Preparation: The patient may be asked to follow specific instructions leading up to the procedure. This usually includes fasting for several hours before the test and possibly using an enema or oral laxatives to clear the colon.
  2. Positioning: The patient will typically lie on their left side with their knees pulled toward the chest. This position helps provide the best access to the sigmoid colon.
  3. Insertion of the Sigmoidoscope: The doctor will gently insert the flexible sigmoidoscope through the rectum into the sigmoid colon. The scope is flexible, which allows it to navigate through the curved areas of the colon.
  4. Examination: The doctor will slowly advance the sigmoidoscope, examining the inner lining of the colon. The camera on the sigmoidoscope sends images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to view any abnormalities, such as polyps, inflammation, or ulcers.
  5. Additional Procedures: If any suspicious areas are found, the doctor may take biopsies or remove polyps during the procedure using small instruments passed through the sigmoidoscope.
  6. Completion: The sigmoidoscope is then slowly withdrawn, and the procedure is complete. Depending on the complexity, the entire process usually lasts about 15 to 30 minutes.

Pain and Discomfort

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is generally well-tolerated. The procedure itself may cause some mild discomfort, such as cramping, bloating, or a feeling of fullness as the colon is distended with air. If mild sedation is used, patients may feel drowsy but will generally recover quickly after the procedure.

Uses of Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is an important diagnostic tool in the detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of various gastrointestinal conditions. Below are some of the most common uses:

  • Colorectal Cancer Screening: It is used as a screening method for early detection of colorectal cancer, especially in individuals over the age of 50 or those at high risk. The procedure allows for early identification of precancerous polyps or tumors, enabling removal before they develop into cancer.
  • Evaluation of Rectal Bleeding: Sigmoidoscopy is often performed when there is unexplained rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits. It helps determine the cause, such as hemorrhoids, polyps, or cancer.
  • Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis cause chronic inflammation in the colon. Sigmoidoscopy allows for visual inspection of the colon to assess the severity of inflammation and collect tissue samples for biopsy.
  • Polyp Detection: Polyps are abnormal growths that can develop into cancer over time. Sigmoidoscopy allows for the detection of these polyps, and in many cases, they can be removed during the procedure.
  • Follow-up for Known Conditions: Patients with a history of colorectal cancer or IBD may undergo regular sigmoidoscopy exams to monitor for recurrence or complications related to their condition.

Normal Range for Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

Unlike some laboratory tests that have specific numerical ranges, flexible sigmoidoscopy results are typically categorized as either normal or abnormal. Here’s what each result might mean:

  • Normal Findings: A normal result means that the colon appears healthy, with no evidence of polyps, inflammation, tumors, or other abnormalities. If this is the case, the doctor may recommend routine follow-up screening as appropriate.
  • Abnormal Findings: Abnormal findings might include the detection of:
    • Polyps: Small growths on the colon lining that may need to be biopsied or removed.
    • Inflammation: In cases of IBD, the colon may appear red or swollen.
    • Tumors: Cancerous or benign tumors may be identified.
    • Bleeding or Ulcers: These could be a sign of infection, inflammatory conditions, or other gastrointestinal issues.

How to Prepare for Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

Proper preparation for flexible sigmoidoscopy ensures that the colon is as clear as possible, allowing the doctor to get accurate results. Here are some key preparation steps:

  • Dietary Restrictions: The doctor may advise you to follow a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure. This helps ensure that the colon is empty and the procedure is as effective as possible.
  • Laxatives or Enemas: You will likely need to take a prescribed laxative or use an enema to help clear the bowel. This step is critical for obtaining clear images during the procedure.
  • Medications: Inform your doctor about any medications you are taking, especially blood thinners, as these may need to be adjusted before the procedure.
  • Arrival Instructions: You may be asked to arrive at the clinic or hospital 30 minutes before the procedure to allow time for any necessary paperwork or pre-procedure instructions.
  • Sedation: Although flexible sigmoidoscopy is typically performed without sedation, mild sedation or pain relievers may be used for those who experience significant anxiety or discomfort.
  • Post-Procedure Care: After the procedure, you may experience mild bloating or cramping. These sensations should subside after a few hours. You may be advised to rest for the remainder of the day.

Risks and Complications

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is generally a safe procedure, but as with any medical intervention, there are some potential risks and complications. These include:

  • Bleeding: There is a small risk of bleeding, especially if a biopsy is taken or polyps are removed during the procedure.
  • Perforation: A rare complication where a small tear occurs in the wall of the colon. This requires immediate medical attention and may necessitate surgery.
  • Infection: Infection is a rare complication, but it can occur, particularly if the bowel is not adequately prepared or if a biopsy is taken.
  • Discomfort: Some patients may experience bloating, cramping, or mild discomfort during or after the procedure. These symptoms typically resolve within a few hours.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

A flexible sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the lower part of the colon and rectum. It is commonly used to detect colorectal cancer, polyps, and conditions like inflammatory bowel disease.

2. How should I prepare for a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Preparation involves following a clear liquid diet, taking prescribed laxatives or enemas to clear the bowel, and informing your doctor about any medications you’re taking. In some cases, you may be given mild sedation.

3. Is flexible sigmoidoscopy painful?

Most patients experience only mild discomfort during the procedure, such as cramping or bloating. The procedure itself is usually quick and well-tolerated. Mild sedation may be used to reduce discomfort in some cases.

4. How long does a flexible sigmoidoscopy take?

The procedure usually lasts 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the complexity of the examination and whether any biopsies or polyp removals are performed.

5. What happens if something abnormal is found during the procedure?

If polyps, tumors, or signs of inflammation are found, your doctor may take a biopsy or remove the polyps for further testing. Additional follow-up exams may be recommended based on the findings.

6. Do I need to fast before the procedure?

Yes, you will likely need to follow a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure to help clear the colon. Specific fasting instructions will be provided by your healthcare provider.

7. Are there any risks associated with flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Although the procedure is generally safe, risks include bleeding, infection, and in rare cases, perforation (a tear in the colon wall). These risks are minimized by following proper preparation and post-procedure care.

8. Can flexible sigmoidoscopy detect colorectal cancer?

Yes, flexible sigmoidoscopy is an effective tool for detecting colorectal cancer, especially in the lower part of the colon. It can also detect precancerous polyps, allowing for early removal before cancer develops.

9. How do I know if I need a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Your doctor may recommend this procedure if you have symptoms like rectal bleeding, unexplained changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, or if you are at increased risk for colorectal cancer.

10. How soon will I know the results of my flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Results are usually available within a few days. If biopsies or polyp removals were performed, it may take a bit longer for lab results. Your doctor will discuss the findings and next steps after the procedure.

Conclusion

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a crucial tool in the diagnosis and screening of gastrointestinal conditions, including colorectal cancer, polyps, and inflammatory bowel disease. It offers a minimally invasive and relatively quick alternative to full colonoscopy, making it an effective option for patients at risk or those with specific symptoms. With proper preparation, flexible sigmoidoscopy can provide valuable insights into your health, and any abnormal findings can be addressed promptly to ensure the best outcomes. If you are considering flexible sigmoidoscopy, be sure to consult with your healthcare provider to fully understand the process and any necessary follow-up care.

Meet Our Doctors

Could not find what you are looking for? 

Request a Callback

Image
Image
Request A Call Back
Request Type
Image
Doctor
Book Appointment
Book Appt.
View Book Appointment
Image
Hospitals
Find Hospital
Hospitals
View Find Hospital
Image
health-checkup
Book Health Checkup
Health Checkup
View Book Health Checkup
Image
Doctor
Book Appointment
Book Appt.
View Book Appointment
Image
Hospitals
Find Hospital
Hospitals
View Find Hospital
Image
health-checkup
Book Health Checkup
Health Checkup
View Book Health Checkup